a city is not a tree

admin15年前城市规划论文1665

The tree of my title is not a green tree with leaves. It is the name of an abstract structure. I shall contrast it with another, more complex abstract structure called a semilattice. In order to relate these abstract structures to the nature of the city, I must first make a simple distinction.

I want to call those cities which have arisen more or less spontaneously over many, many years natural cities. And I shall call those cities and parts of cities which have been deliberately created by designers and planners artificial cities. Siena, Liverpool, Kyoto, Manhattan are examples of natural cities. Levittown, Chandigarh and the British New Towns are examples of artificial cities.

It is more and more widely recognized today that there is some essential ingredient missing from artificial cities. When compared with ancient cities that have acquired the patina of life, our modern attempts to create cities artificially are, from a human point of view, entirely unsuccessful.

Both the tree and the semilattice are ways of thinking about how a large collection of many small systems goes to make up a large and complex system. More generally, they are both names for structures of sets.

In order to define such structures, let me first define the concept of a set. A set is a collection of elements which for some reason we think of as belonging together. Since, as designers, we are concerned with the physical living city and its physical backbone, we must naturally restrict ourselves to considering sets which are collections of material elements such as people, blades of grass, cars, molecules, houses, gardens, water pipes, the water molecules in them etc.

When the elements of a set belong together because they co-operate or work together somehow, we call the set of elements a system.

For example, in Berkeley at the corner of Hearst and Euclid, there is a drugstore, and outside the drugstore a traffic light. In the entrance to the drugstore there is a newsrack where the day's papers are displayed. When the light is red, people who are waiting to cross the street stand idly by the light; and since they have nothing to do, they look at the papers displayed on the newsrack which they can see from where they stand. Some of them just read the headlines, others actually buy a paper while they wait.

This effect makes the newsrack and the traffic light interactive; the newsrack, the newspapers on it, the money going from people's pockets to the dime slot, the people who stop at the light and read papers, the traffic light, the electric impulses which make the lights change, and the sidewalk which the people stand on form a system - they all work together.

From the designer's point of view, the physically unchanging part of this system is of special interest. The newsrack, the traffic light and the sidewalk between them, related as they are, form the fixed part of the system. It is the unchanging receptacle in which the changing parts of the system - people, newspapers, money and electrical impulses - can work together. I define this fixed part as a unit of the city. It derives its coherence as a unit both from the forces which hold its own elements together and from the dynamic coherence of the larger living system which includes it as a fixed invariant part.

Of the many, many fixed concrete subsets of the city which are the receptacles for its systems and can therefore be thought of as significant physical units, we usually single out a few for special consideration. In fact, I claim that whatever picture of the city someone has is defined precisely by the subsets he sees as units.

Now, a collection of subsets which goes to make up such a picture is not merely an amorphous collection. Automatically, merely because relationships are established among the subsets once the subsets are chosen, the collection has a definite structure.

To understand this structure, let us think abstractly for a moment, using numbers as symbols. Instead of talking about the real sets of millions of real particles which occur in the city, let us consider a simpler structure made of just half a dozen elements. Label these elements 1,2,3,4,5,6. Not including the full set [1,2,3,4,5,6], the empty set [-], and the one-element sets [1],[2],[3],C4],[5], [6], there are 56 different subsets we can pick from six elements.

Suppose we now pick out certain of these 56 sets (just as we pick out certain sets and call them units when we form our picture of the city). Let us say, for example, that we pick the following subsets: [123], [34], [45], [234], [345], [12345], [3456].

What are the possible relationships among these sets? Some sets will be entirely part of larger sets, as [34] is part of [345] and [3456]. Some of the sets will overlap, like [123] and [234]. Some of the sets will be disjoint - that is, contain no elements in common like [123] and [45].

以上应该是城市并非树形的节选,并非全文,也没有找到翻译。

相关文章

西方现代城市规划模式变迁

西方现代城市规划模式变迁 [摘 要] 在解析现代城市规划产生与发展历史背景的基础上,阐述了西方现代城市规划模式的演变过程。 [关键词] 城市规划;现代城市规划;城市规划模式 一 序言  ...

一个县委书记眼中的德国城市规划(转)

规划至每一寸土地 德国是一个高度重视城市规划的国家。“不打无把握之仗”是德国城市规划的生动写照。他们的城市规划覆盖了全国每一寸土地。德国实行的是联邦—州—地方政府三级规划。联邦政府只做规划政策的...

浅析城市规划管理中的日照问题(转)

浅析城市规划管理中的日照问题 作者:沈亚丽 摘要:本文总结了规划管理工作中常见的日照问题,通过对住宅间距控制方法的分析,归纳了这些问题产生的原因,并结合规划管理工作提出处理和预防日照问题的原则...

大城市交通规划理念的更新

大城市交通规划理念的更新 我国大城市正面临着城市化、机动化快速的双重压力和环境、土地资源的双重制约,对交通规划师和城市政府而言,任何正确或错误的规划和决策都将对未来产生长远而重大的,而树...

土地执法难的成因及解决对策探析(转)

1998年修改的《中华人民共和国土地管理法》第3条明文规定:十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切实保护耕地是我国的基本国策。各级人民政府应当采取措施,全面 规划,严格管理,保护、开发土地资源,制止非法占用土地的...

中国城市管理思想及实践

1 .中国古代城市管理思想   古代中国漫长的城市文明长河中的一个截面,在西方人的中国游记如《马可 · 波罗游记》中竟被描写得如天堂一般,这从一个侧面表明,就当时来说中国古代城市的建设和管理不同凡响...